References and bibliographies
What should we cite, and why? As the Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) puts it, "Ethics, copyright laws, and courtesy to readers require authors to identify the sources of direct quotations or paraphrases of any facts or opinions not generally know or easily checked." (CMS16, 14.1, emphasis mine)
Unless we're preparing a manuscript for a publication or entity with its own style guidelines, follow CMS Notes and Bibliography style. That is, superscripted reference numbers in running text, corresponding to a footnote with a shortened citation on the same page, and a single full bibliography at the end of the document. In longer works or where page layout makes footnotes difficult, you might opt for per-chapter or per-section endnotes, but you still need a bibliography fully documenting the citations used. CMS provides detailed guidelines for citing many different media and types of source material (e.g. book, chapter, online-only resource, new article, etc.), but here are the basics (lifted directly from the page linked here).
Shortened notes
- Yu, Interior Chinatown, 48. [Author last name(s), Title, page.]
- Binder and Kidder, Channels of Student Activism, 125.
Bibliography entries (in alphabetical order, and these should have hanging indents in your document)
Binder, Amy J., and Jeffrey L. Kidder. The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today. University of Chicago Press, 2022. Yu, Charles. Interior Chinatown. Pantheon Books, 2020.
In academic settings, you're more likely to see a preference for Author-Date style, which use a parenthetical citation in running text (Binder and Kidder, 2022, 122), with a corresponding entry in an alphabetical reference list.
For anything longer than a few pages, a reference management system like the open-source Zotero makes it much easier to deal with tracking and inserting sources, and lets you easily switch between citation formats if needed (e.g. for submission to journals or other publications with different style preferences). We have a SUMC shared library for Zotero--ask a manager for access if you need it.